Americans first began to give serious consideration to the power of propaganda in the years following World War I. The war had demonstrated that modern propaganda techniques could be used with startling effectiveness to assemble massive armies and to maintain civilian morale through long years of warfare. Never before had so many people been mobilized to fight a war. Never before had so many died with so little to show for it over such a long period of time and under such harsh conditions. Earlier wars had been quickly settled by decisive battles. But in this war, massive armies confronted each other along a front that extended for hundreds of miles. From their trenches they bombarded each other and launched occasional attacks that ended in futility. Harold Lasswell, a political scientist who developed several early theories of media, expressed considerable respect for the propaganda efforts marshaled in the cause of […]
THE ORIGIN OF PROPAGANDA
Propaganda was not an American invention. The term originated with the Roman Catholic Congregatio de Propaganda Fide (Committee for the Propagation of the Faith), an order of the church established by a papal bull in 1622. The Propaganda Fide was originally founded in an effort to suppress the Protestant Reformation. Throughout the first half of the twentieth century, the meaning of propaganda was debated. Was propaganda necessarily bad or was it a good form of communication that could be corrupted? Many forms of communication seek to persuade people—were all of them propaganda? Gradually, the term propaganda came to refer to a certain type of communication strategy. It involves the no-holds-barred use of communication to propagate specific beliefs and expectations. The ultimate goal of propagandists is to change the way people act and to leave them believing that those actions are voluntary, that the newly adopted behaviors—and the opinions underlying them—are […]
Overview of Propaganda
Imagine that you have gone back in time to the beginning of the twentieth century. You live in a large metropolitan area along the East Coast of the United States, and you are a second- or third-generation American. You are a white, middle-class, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant. Your city is growing rapidly, with new neighborhoods springing up daily to house waves of immigrants from poorer nations in Eastern Europe and the Far East. These people speak strange languages and practice strange cultures. Many claim to be Christians, but they don’t behave like any Christians you’ve ever met. Most keep to themselves in ghetto neighborhoods in which there are many social problems. Most disturbing of all, these people seem to have no sense of what it means to live in a free and democratic nation. They are governed by political bosses who turn them out to vote for what you perceive to be […]
EFFECTS OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA ON PAKISTANI SOCIETY
Effect OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA ON PAKISTANI SOCIETY “Media is all the more intense then atomic gadgets” I accept above quote merits taking. Jawed Jabbar who worked for PEMRA has cited well. The electronic media has touched each circle of the human viewpoint. In the present times, data and innovation are entwined with the general public’s financial advance. The development of electronic media has overwhelmingly affected the general public. The Opportunities of correspondence have broken all obstructions crosswise over national limits and have prompted the germination of new thoughts through the cross fertilization of societies. The part of media particularly the electronic media in Pakistani society is tri-dimensional; that is advising people in general, teaching the unknowledgeable and giving amusement. It can be named as Fourth mainstay of the state. It has recorded enormous development in a restricted era in Pakistan. The electronic media in Pakistan has gained fast ground. Just […]
Three Different Theories of Aggression in Media
Summarize the three different theories of aggression. Theories of Aggression: Ever felt you need to kick some people’s butt, yet you couldn’t and had to kick the wall instead? Ever wondered why a three year old yells and screams like an adult? Every wondered why a parent of any kind (human/animal) would possibly kill for any sign of a threat? It’s simple. It’s aggression in three of its kinds; Frustration-Aggression theory Social Learning theory Aggression as an instinct – theories of aggression I personally am very interested in aggression as I could be quite aggressive myself. Aggression: Is any action that’s intended to cause harm. Be it verbal or physical. There are two types of aggression, and they are; Hostile/hot aggression: Is to do something aggressive and get some sort of satisfaction from it. Perhaps, planning someone’s murder or robbing a bank. You get some sort of emotional reward from it. Instrumental/cold […]
Juries’ verdicts influenced by their individual dispositions
How are the Juries’ verdicts influenced by their individual dispositions and by their working together? Explain with examples from Pakistani Society. It is impossible for a single juror to comprehend all of the facts, events, and nuances contained in a courtroom case presentation. No matter how intelligent or experienced a juror is in making important decisions, every juror, like every person, has limitations. For example, individual jurors engage in a variety of coping mechanisms which “filter” information and shape perceptions so as to create understanding and comfortable feelings and to minimize dissonance. Individual jurors are also limited in their decision making abilities by varying emotional reactions, differing assessments of attribution, varying intellectual capacities, varying abilities to recall, differences in cultural views and sensitivities, widely varying life experiences, and many other factors. As a result, jurors construct different stories or assessments of court cases even though every juror was exposed to […]